Ethernet emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as the de facto layer 2 protocol for LAN networks but distance restrictions, technology limitation, and customer traffic primarily composed of voice services limited Ethernet expansion as a WAN network service. However, 21st century has shifted primary WAN traffic from voice services to packet-based data services which has led to new implementations and standardizations of technologies and protocols by organizations - International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standards Bureau (ITU-T), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - to support the increasing demand of packet-based data services including VoIP, video services, wireless backhaul, and data center interconnect. This has led to the 21st century emergence of Ethernet as a viable carrier service based on the protocol’s capabilities of supporting packet-based data services and the reduction of limitations when integrating Ethernet on a WAN. To further reduce the complexity of Ethernet integrated services on the WAN, Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) was formed as a global industry alliance with a mission to accelerate the worldwide adoption of Carrier-class Ethernet networks and services. The MEF distinguishes Carrier Ethernet (CE) services from traditional LAN-based Ethernet services based on five attributes: